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Poverty

Justin L.

Poverty can be defined as a situation in which one lacks necessary financial resources to provide for basic necessities and ensure a minimum standard of living.

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Privatization and Re-privatization

Zargul Lohar

The term privatization refers to the process of changing ownership or responsibility of services from a public sector managed by the government to a private sector with no governmental control or benefits (Hurl, 1984). The services are publicly funded by entities excluding governmental bodies. Reprivatization refers to the process of transferring a business or service which was once privatized then owned or managed in the past by the government back to its original private owner.

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Public Participation

Yuanhan Yu

Public participation is critical in facilitating decision-making and ensuring the interests of the urban residents are incorporated when enactment of the urban social policy.

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Redistribution

Andrew Ing

Redistribution is the transfer of wealth or income from one group of people to another, typically by the state. A common example of this being income redistribution, where income of individual citizens is transferred to other individuals by the state through the use of taxation and state social spending on welfare.

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Retrenchment

Venita Cunje

The term retrenchment means weakening the political foundations and implementing massive cutbacks to the welfare state. There are three types of retrenchment that can occur, systematic, programmatic and paradigmatic.

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